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X. Luo, P. Zhou, E. W. W. Chan, R. K. C. Chang, W. Lee.
A Combinatorial Approach to Network Covert Communications with
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In Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP International Conference on
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S. Zander, P. Branch, G. Armitage.
Capacity of Temperature-based Covert Channels.
IEEE Communications Letters, 15(1):82 - 84, January 2011.
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S. Zander, G. Armitage, P. Branch.
Stealthier Inter-packet Timing Covert Channels,.
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K. Kothari.
MIMIC: An Active Covert Channel That Evades Regularity-based
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Thesis, degree master of science computer science, The University of
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H. Khan, Y. Javed, S. A. Khayam, F. Mirza.
Embedding a Covert Channel in Active Network Connections.
In Proceedings of IEEE Global Communications Conference
(GlobeCom), December 2009.
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S. Zander, G. Armitage, P. Branch.
Reliable Transmission Over Covert Channels in First Person Shooter
Multiplayer Games.
In Proceedings of 34th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer
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Y. Liu, D. Ghosal, F. Armknecht, A.-R. Sadeghi, S. Schulz, S. Katzenbeisser.
Hide and Seek in Time - Robust Covert Timing Channels.
In Proceedings of 14th European Symposium on Research in
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S. H. Sellke, C.-C. Wang, S. Bagchi, N. B. Shroff.
Covert TCP/IP Timing Channels: Theory to Implementation.
In Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computer Communications
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A. Houmansadr, N. Kiyavash, N. Borisov.
RAINBOW: A Robust And Invisible Non-Blind Watermark for Network
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In Proceedings of 16th Annual Network & Distributed System
Security Symposium (NDSS), February 2009.
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Y. Wang, P. Chen, Y. Ge, B. Mao, L. Xie.
Traffic Controller: A Practical Approach to Block Network Covert
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In Proceedings of International Conference on Availability,
Reliability and Security, pages 349-354, 2009.
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A. El-Atawy, E. Al-Shaer.
Building Covert Channels over the Packet Reordering Phenomenon.
In Proceedings of 28th Annual IEEE Conference on Computer
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W. Mazurczyk, M. Smolarczyk, K. Szczypiorski.
Hiding Information in Retransmissions.
Cryptography and Security, abs/0905.0363, 2009.
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X. Luo, E. W. W. Chan, R. K. C. Chang.
CLACK: A Network Covert Channel Based on Partial Acknowledgment
Encoding.
In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on
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S. Zander, G. Armitage, P. Branch.
Covert Channels in Multiplayer First Person Shooter Online Games.
In Proceedings of 33rd Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer
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S. Gianvecchio, H. Wang, D. Wijesekera, S. Jajodia.
Model-Based Covert Timing Channels: Automated Modeling and Evasion.
In Proceedings of Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection (RAID)
Symposium, September 2008.
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X. Luo, E. W. W. Chan, R. K. C. Chang.
TCP Covert Timing Channels: Design and Detection.
In Proceedings of IEEE/IFIP International Conference on
Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), June 2008.
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S. Zander, G. Armitage, P. Branch.
Covert Channels and Countermeasures in Computer Network Protocols.
IEEE Communications Magazine, 45(12):136-142, December 2007.
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S. Wendzel.
Protocol Hopping Covert Channels, November 2007.
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S. Gianvecchio, H. Wang.
Detecting Covert Timing Channels: An Entropy-Based Approach.
In Proceedings of 14th ACM Conference on Computer and
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S. Zander, G. Armitage, P. Branch.
An Empirical Evaluation of IP Time To Live Covert Channels.
In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Networks
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S. Zander, G. Armitage, P. Branch.
A Survey of Covert Channels and Countermeasures in Computer Network
Protocols.
IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 9(3):44-57, October
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S. Zander, P. Branch, G. Armitage.
Error Probability Analysis of IP Time To Live Covert Channels.
In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Communications
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M. Memelli.
g00gle CrewBots or How to firesmith a battleship, September 2007.
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X. Luo, E. W. W. Chan, R. K. C. Chang.
Cloak: A Ten-fold Way for Reliable Covert Communications.
In Proceedings of European Symposium on Research in Computer
Security (ESORICS), September 2007.
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Z. Wang, J. Deng, R. B. Lee.
Mutual Anonymous Communications: A New Covert Channel Based on
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In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, May 2007.
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X. Luo, E. W. W. Chan, R. K. C. Chang.
Crafting Web Counters into Covert Channels.
In Proceedings of the 22nd IFIP International Information
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S. Zander, G. Armitage, P. Branch.
Covert Channels in the IP Time To Live Field.
In Proceedings of Australian Telecommunication Networks and
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M. Van Horenbeeck.
Deception on the Network: Thinking Differently About Covert
Channels.
In Proceedings of 7th Australian Information Warfare and
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S. J. Murdoch.
Hot or Not: Revealing Hidden Services by Their Clock Skew.
In Proceedings of 13th ACM Conference on Computer and
Communications Security (CCS), pages 27-36, November 2006.
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N. Schear, C. Kintana, Q. Zhang, A. Vahdat.
Glavlit: Preventing Exfiltration at Wire Speed.
In Proceedings of Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks
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Z. Trabelsi, H. El-Sayed, L. Frikha, T. F. Rabie.
Traceroute Based IP Channel for Sending Hidden Short Messages.
In Proceedings of Advances in Information and Computer Security
(IWSEC), pages 421-436, October 2006.
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W. Mazurczyk, Z. Kotulski.
Covert Channel for Improving VoIP Security.
In Proceedings of Multiconference on Advanced Computer Systems
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W. Mazurczyk, Z. Kotulski.
New VoIP Traffic Security Scheme with Digital Watermarking.
In Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Safety,
Reliability, and Security (SafeComp), pages 170-181, September 2006.
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K. Szczypiorski.
Steganography in Wireless Local Area Networks.
PhD thesis, Warsaw University of Technology, September 2006.
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C. Krätzer, J. Dittmann, A. Lang, T. Kühne.
WLAN Steganography: A First Practical Review.
In Proceedings of 8th ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop,
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L. Butti, F. Veysset.
Wi-Fi Advanced Stealth.
In Proceedings of Black Hat US, August 2006.
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G. Shah, A. Molina, M. Blaze.
Keyboards and Covert Channels.
In Proceedings of USENIX Security Symposium, August 2006.
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R. C. Chakinala, A. Kumarasubramanian, R. Manokaran, G. Noubir, C. Pandu
Rangan, R. Sundaram.
Steganographic Communication in Ordered Channels.
In Proceedings of 8th International Workshop on Information
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S. Castro and Gray World Team.
Cooking Channels.
hakin9 Magazine (www.hakin9.org), pages 50-57, May 2006.
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J. Dittmann, T. Vogel, R. Hillert.
Design and Evaluation of Steganography for Voice-over-IP.
In Proceedings of IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (ISCAS),
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R. Sbrusch.
Network Covert Channels: Subversive Confidentiality.
Technical report, University of Houston Clear Lake, May 2006.
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D. Llamas.
Network Forensics and Covert Channels Analysis in Internet
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April 2006.
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Z. Kwecka.
Application Layer Covert Channels.
In Proceedings of BCS Symposium on Intelligence in Security and
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A. Giani, V. H. Berk, G. V. Cybenko.
Data Exfiltration and Covert Channels.
In Proceedings of the SPIE Sensors, and Command, Control,
Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Technologies for Homeland Security and
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M. Smeets, M. Koot.
Research Report: Covert Channels.
Master's thesis, University of Amsterdam, February 2006.
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[46]
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T. Kühne.
Design und Implementierung von Steganographie in WLANs.
Master's thesis, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 2006.
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Z. Kwecka.
Application Layer Covert Channel Analysis and Detection.
Technical report, Napier University Edinburgh, 2006.
http://www.buchananweb.co.uk/zk.pdf.
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R. deGraaf, J. Aycock, M. Jacobson Jr.
Improved Port Knocking with Strong Authentication.
In Proceedings of 21st Annual Computer Security Applications
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M. H. Kang, I. S. Moskowitz, S. Chincheck.
The Pump: A Decade of Covert Fun.
In 21st Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, pages
352-360, December 2005.
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V. Berk, A. Giani, G. Cybenko.
Detection of Covert Channel Encoding in Network Packet Delays.
Technical Report TR2005-536, Department of Computer Science,
Dartmouth College, November 2005.
http://www.ists.dartmouth.edu/library/149.pdf.
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D. V. Forte, C. Maruti, M. R. Vetturi, M. Zambelli.
SecSyslog: An Approach to Secure Logging Based on Covert Channels.
In Proceedings of First International Workshop on Systematic
Approaches to Digital Forensic Engineering, pages 248-263, November 2005.
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E. Tumoian, M. Anikeev.
Network Based Detection of Passive Covert Channels in TCP/IP.
In Proceedings of 1st IEEE LCN Workshop on Network Security,
pages 802-809, November 2005.
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A. Galatenko, A. Grusho, A. Kniazev, E. Timonina.
Statistical Covert Channels Through PROXY Server.
In Proceedings of Third International Workshop on Mathematical
Methods, Models, and Architectures for Computer Network Security, pages
424-429, September 2005.
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[54]
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A. Grusho, A. Kniazev, E. Timonina.
Detection of Illegal Information Flow.
In Proceedings of Third International Workshop on Mathematical
Methods, Models, and Architectures for Computer Network Security, pages
235-244, September 2005.
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X. Zou, Q. Li, S. Sun, X. Niu.
The Research on Information Hiding Based on Command Sequence of FTP
Protocol.
In Proceedings of 9th International Conference on
Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, pages
1079-1085, September 2005.
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V. Berk, A. Giani, G. Cybenko.
Covert Channel Detection Using Process Query Systems.
In Proceedings of Workshop on Flow Analysis (FloCon), September
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P. Singh.
Whispers On The Wire - Network Based Covert Channels Exploitation &
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In Symposium on Security for Asia Network (SyScAN), September
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J. Bethencourt, J. Franklin, M. Vernon.
Mapping Internet Sensors with Probe Response Attacks.
In Proceedings of USENIX Security Symposium, August 2005.
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D. Llamas, A. Miller, C. Allison.
An Evaluation Framework for the Analysis of Covert Channels in the
TCP/IP Protocol Suite.
In 4th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security
(ECIW), pages 205-214, July 2005.
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B. Graham, Y. Zhu, X. Fu, R. Bettati.
Using Covert Channels to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Flow
Confidentiality Measures.
In Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Parallel and
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Yogi Metha.
Communication over the Internet using Covert Channels.
Technical report, Computer Science Department, Drexel University,
July 2005.
https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~vp/CS743/Papers/ypm23-hw2.pdf.
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S. J. Murdoch, S. Lewis.
Embedding Covert Channels into TCP/IP.
In Proceedings of 7th Information Hiding Workshop, June 2005.
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W. Mazurczyk, Z. Kotulski.
New Security and Control Protocol for VoIP Based on Steganography
and Digital Watermarking.
Technical report, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research,
Polish Academy of Sciences, June 2005.
http://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0602/0602042.pdf.
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D. Llamas, C. Allison, A. Miller.
Covert Channels in Internet Protocols: A Survey.
In Proceedings of the 6th Annual Postgraduate Symposium about
the Convergence of Telecommunications, Networking and Broadcasting, PGNET
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H. Qu, Q. Cheng, E. Yaprak.
Using Covert Channel to Resist DoS Attacks in WLAN.
In Proceedings of International Conference on Wireless
Networks, pages 38-44, June 2005.
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N. B. Lucena, G. Lewandowski, S. J. Chapin.
Covert Channels in IPv6.
In Proceedings of Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET), pages
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S. Bhadra, S. Shakkottai, S. Vishwanath.
Communication Through Jamming Over a Slotted ALOHA Channel.
Technical report, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
The University of Texas at Austin, March 2005.
http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~shakkott/Pubs/jamming_aloha.pdf.
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S. Li, A. Ephremides.
A Covert Channel in MAC Protocols based on Splitting Algorithms.
In Proceedings of Wireless Communications and Networking
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M. C. Perkins.
Hiding out in Plaintext: Covert Messaging with Bitwise Summations.
Master's thesis, Iowa State University, 2005.
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H.-G. Eßer, F. C. Freiling.
Kapazitätsmessung eines verdeckten Zeitkanals über HTTP.
Technical Report TR-2005-10, Universität Mannheim, 2005.
http://bibserv7.bib.uni-mannheim.de/madoc/volltexte/2005/1136/pdf/tr_2005_10.pdf (in german).
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G. Danezis.
Covert Communications Despite Traffic Data Retention.
Technical report, ESAT, University of Leuven, January 2005.
http://homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~gdanezis/cover.pdf.
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E. Cauich, R. Gómez Cárdenas, R. Watanabe.
Data Hiding in Identification and Offset IP Fields.
In Proceedings of 5th International School and Symposium of
Advanced Distributed Systems (ISSADS), pages 118-125, January 2005.
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E. Tumoian, M. Anikeev.
Detecting NUSHU Covert Channels Using Neural Networks.
Technical report, Taganrog State University of Radio Engineering,
2005.
http://gray-world.net/papers/neural_networks_vs_NUSHU.pdf.
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Gray-World Team.
Covert Channels Through the Looking Glass.
Technical report, Gray-World, 2005.
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J. Rutkowska.
The Implementation of Passive Covert Channels in the Linux Kernel.
In Proceedings of Chaos Communication Congress, December 2004.
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E. Jones, O. Le Moigne, J.-M. Robert.
IP Traceback Solutions Based on Time to Live Covert Channel.
In Proceedings of 12th IEEE International Conference on Networks
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S. Bhadra, S. Shakkottai, S. Vishwanath.
Covert Communication over Slotted ALOHA Systems.
In Proceedings of the 42nd Allerton Conference on Communication,
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S. Cabuk, C. E. Brodley, C. Shields.
IP Covert Timing Channels: Design and Detection.
In Proceedings of 11th ACM Conference on Computer and
Communications Security (CCS), pages 178-187, October 2004.
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S. Li, A. Ephremides.
A Network Layer Covert Channel in Ad-hoc Wireless Networks.
In Proceedings of First IEEE Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc
Communications and Networks (SECON), pages 88-96, October 2004.
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H. Qu, P. Su, D. Feng.
A Typical Noisy Covert Channel in the IP Protocol.
In Proceedings of 38th Annual International Carnahan Conference
on Security Technology, pages 189-192, October 2004.
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S. Cabuk, C. Brodley, C. Shields.
IP Covert Timing Channels: An Initial Exploration.
In Proceedings of ACM Computer and Communications Security
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K. Borders, A. Prakash.
Web Tap: Detecting Covert Web Traffic.
In Proceedings of 11th ACM Conference on Computer and
Communications Security (CCS), pages 110-120, October 2004.
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A. Aldini, M. Bernardo.
An Integrated View of Security Analysis and Performance Evaluation:
Trading QoS with Covert Channel Bandwidth.
In Proceedings of 23rd International Conference on Computer
Safety, Reliability and Security (SAFECOMP), pages 283-296, September 2004.
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A. Singh.
Eraser: An Exploit - Specific Monitor to Prevent Malicious
Communication Channel.
Technical report, Georgia Institute of Technology, August 2004.
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L. Helouet, M. Zeitoun, A. Degorre.
Scenarios and Covert Channels: Another Game...
In Games in Design and Verification Workshop, July 2004.
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D. Llamas, W. Buchanan.
Covert Channel Analysis and Detection with Reverse Proxy Servers
using Microsoft Windows.
In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Information
Warfare and Security, ECIW 2004, June 2004.
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L. Helouet.
Finding Covert Channels in Protocols with Message Sequence Charts:
The Case of RMTP2.
In Proceedings of Workshop on System Analysis and Modeling
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N. Lucena, J. Pease, P. Yadollahpour, S. J. Chapin.
Syntax and Semantics-Preserving Application-Layer Protocol
Steganography.
In Proceedings of 6th Information Hiding Workshop, May 2004.
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D. Llamas.
Covert Channel Analysis and Data Hiding in TCP/IP.
Master's thesis, Napier University, May 2004.
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I. Moskowitz, R. Newman, P. Syverson.
Quasi-Anonymous Channels.
In Proceedings of Communication, Network, and Information
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M. Marone.
Adaptation and Performance of Covert Channels in Dynamic Source
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Technical report, Computer Science Department, Yale University,
December 2003.
http://zoo.cs.yale.edu/classes/cs490/03-04a/michael.marone/paper.pdf.
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S. Castro.
Covert Channel and Tunneling over the HTTP protocol Detection: GW
Implementation Theoretical Design.
Technical report, Gray World, November 2003.
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T. Sohn, J. Moon, S. Lee, D. H. Lee, J. Lim.
Covert Channel Detection in the ICMP Payload Using Support Vector
Machine.
In Proceedings of 18th International Symposium on Computer and
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I. S. Moskowitz, R. E. Newman, D. P. Crepeau, Allen R. Miller.
Covert Channels and Anonymizing Networks.
In Proceedings Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society
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K. Szczypiorski.
HICCUPS: Hidden Communication System for Corrupted Networks.
In Proceedings of 10th International Multi-Conference on
Advanced Computer Systems, pages 31-40, October 2003.
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M. Bauer.
New Covert Channels in HTTP: Adding Unwitting Web Browsers to
Anonymity Sets.
In Proceedings of Workshop On Privacy In The Electronic
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T. Sohn, J. Seo, J. Moon.
A Study on the Covert Channel Detection of TCP/IP Header Using
Support Vector Machine.
In Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Information
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T. Sohn, T. Noh, J. Moon.
Support Vector Machine Based ICMP Covert Channel Attack Detection.
In Second International Workshop on Mathematical Methods,
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A. Singh, O. Nordström, C. Lu, A. L. M. dos Santos.
Malicious ICMP Tunneling: Defense against the Vulnerability.
In Proceedings of 8th Australasian Conference on Information
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A. Dyatlov, S. Castro.
Exploitation of Data Streams Authorized by a Network Access Control
System for Arbitrary Data Transfers: Tunneling and Covert Channels over the
HTTP Protocol.
Technical report, Gray-World, June 2003.
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echolation.
Spamdoors: Using Spam As A Vector Of Back Door Communication, May
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D. Kundur, K. Ahsan.
Practical Internet Steganography: Data Hiding in IP.
In Proceedings of Texas Workshop on Security of Information
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L. Hélouët, C. Jard, M. Zeitoun.
Covert Channels Detection in Protocols Using Scenarios.
In Proceedings of Workshop on Security Protocols Verification
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N. Feamster, M. Balazinska, W. Wang, H. Balakrishnan, D. Karger.
Thwarting Web Censorship with Untrusted Messenger Discovery.
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